What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder that affects memory, thought processes and behavior. It is caused by abnormal clumps or tangles in the brain called plaques and tangles.

These tangles prevent the normal communication between nerve cells in the brain. This causes problems with memory and thinking skills, as well as a reduction in chemical messengers that allow information to pass between brain cells.

That cause alzheimer

Alzheimer’s Disease, the most common form of dementia, happens when brain cells are damaged and cause memory loss, learning problems and other symptoms. Although it’s not completely understood why this happens, researchers believe it’s caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors.

Alzheimer’s is a chronic disease, which means it continues to progress over time until the end of life, when it becomes irreversible and permanent. Affected people lose their ability to carry out daily tasks and may require help with things like eating, dressing or walking. They may also have problems recognizing family members or objects, or remembering recent events.

Scientists have linked this condition to a build-up of two proteins called amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which can disrupt the communication within the brain and damage the connections between nerve cells. These changes start many years before the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease appear.

These abnormalities are believed to be caused by a build-up of the beta-amyloid protein. It forms plaques outside the brain cells, while another protein called tau builds up inside the brain cells and forms tangles. These abnormalities damage and kill the brain cells, shrinking their size and causing the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s.

The build-up of these proteins, along with other changes in the brain, begin many years before the initial signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease appear. These changes include atrophy (shrinkage) of certain areas of the brain, inflammation, vascular damage and production of unstable molecules known as free radicals.

It’s thought that the changes in the brain occur gradually and begin as early as 15 years before Alzheimer’s symptoms appear. These changes, which cause the build-up of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tau, are believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors.

Other risk factors for Alzheimer’s include age, family history and health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, stroke or high blood pressure. Some studies show that people with heart or blood vessel problems are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease than others.

Some of these factors, such as age, cannot be changed, but you can take steps to lower your risk of developing Alzheimer’s. For example, by working with your doctor to monitor and control your cardiovascular health, you may be able to prevent the damage that occurs in the brain and improve your quality of life.

Signs of alzheimer’s disease

Memory loss is the main symptom of Alzheimer’s disease. It often develops gradually and is worse over time, as the brain becomes less healthy.

In the early stages, a person may forget recent events or conversations. They may also have periods of confusion or irritability. They may need support to do everyday things, such as eating, getting dressed and using the toilet.

They may be unable to recognise people they know and will have difficulties remembering where they are or what they did last week. They might lose interest in family and friends, and their ability to live alone may decline.

These changes can be hard for both your loved one and the people caring for them. They may be agitated, calling out, repeating questions, and reacting aggressively. They can also be frightened or suspicious.

Sometimes people with Alzheimer’s become delusional or start to think they are being harmed by others (having hallucinations). They might see or hear things that are not there, or they might believe that someone is stealing from them.

Other changes can include having difficulty finding the right words, developing very specific ways of doing things, becoming irritable when something is changed, or losing self-confidence. These changes are common and can be difficult for your loved one to deal with, so they need help and support.

You should talk to a doctor about your loved one’s behaviour and emotions. They can do some tests to find out what’s happening and what’s causing them to act this way. They might prescribe medication or suggest strategies to help them cope with these changes.

Eventually, your loved one will need round-the-clock care and support for their day-to-day activities. This will be particularly important if they have problems with walking, sitting or swallowing. They will be at risk of dehydration, malnutrition and infection.

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but there are treatments to slow the progress of symptoms and improve quality of life. These can include a range of medicines that are used in combination with other treatments, including supportive care and programmes designed to help you and your loved one manage the symptoms and cope with life.

Treatment for alzheimer’s disease

The good news is that there are a number of treatments to help you and your family cope with Alzheimer’s disease. These include medications and therapies that are approved by the FDA for treating symptoms of Alzheimer’s, as well as support services that can help you and your family deal with your diagnosis.

Many of these medicines are prescribed by a doctor, usually on the advice of a specialist. Some of these medicines can temporarily reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s, especially those related to memory problems.

Medications that boost the amount of a chemical messenger in your brain, known as acetylcholine, can also help. These are called cholinesterase inhibitors and have been shown to slow or stop the progress of Alzheimer’s disease. They work by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine in your brain, which can make you feel more alert and increase your ability to think clearly.

There are also medicines that can help to control some of the other symptoms of Alzheimer’s, such as agitation and a loss of control over your body. These are called antipsychotics or antidepressants and can be prescribed by your GP.

Another medication is called memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, which may slow or halt the decline of some people’s symptoms, such as their ability to use the bathroom on their own for a longer period of time. It’s used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer’s and can be combined with another medication, donepezil (Namzaric).

Research is ongoing on new drugs that are not yet approved for treatment of Alzheimer’s. One such drug, lecanemab (Selegiline), is a monoclonal antibody that selectively targets amyloid plaques in the brain and has slowed clinical decline in a recent trial by 27%.

Scientists are looking at other potential treatments, such as vaccines that prevent amyloid proteins from forming, as well as ways to decrease inflammation in the brain. Other researchers are investigating how certain types of exercise can improve brain function and improve the quality of life for those living with Alzheimer’s.

There are also research projects that focus on developing ways to detect Alzheimer’s at an earlier stage, such as with new tests for biomarkers. These biomarkers can be used to help identify someone’s risk for getting Alzheimer’s and to help track their progress as the disease advances.

How to prevent alzheimer’s disease

While scientists are still researching the cause of Alzheimer’s disease, there are things that you can do to reduce your risk. These include a healthy diet, exercise, and staying active socially. It’s also important to avoid certain diseases that can increase your risk for Alzheimer’s, such as high cholesterol or diabetes.

The key to preventing Alzheimer’s is to catch it early, so it can be treated. This is a goal of an international task force led by the University of Geneva (UNIGE) and the Geneva University Hospitals (HUG).

Doctors can detect early signs of Alzheimer’s during regular medical visits. They may ask questions, conduct tests, or refer a person to a specialist for further assessment.

People with Alzheimer’s have less of some of the chemicals in their brain that help send signals between cells. Drugs that boost these chemicals can help with symptoms of Alzheimer’s.

Other ways to prevent Alzheimer’s include exercising regularly, eating a heart-healthy diet, and stopping smoking. These lifestyle changes are backed up by research, which suggests that the same factors that contribute to a heart-healthy lifestyle can protect your brain.

Another key to preventing Alzheimer’s is taking the right vitamins and minerals. Studies suggest that getting 15 milligrams of vitamin E daily from seeds, nuts, leafy green vegetables, and whole grains can be beneficial for the brain. Adding vitamin B12 to the diet can also be helpful.

These foods are all excellent sources of antioxidants, which are known to fight free radicals that can damage the brain. You can also take a daily supplement of these vitamins and minerals, but be sure to consult your doctor about the best dose for you.

You can also sign up for the Alzheimer’s Prevention Registry, which helps researchers find effective prevention therapies. The information you provide could speed up the development of new treatments that can help reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s or other forms of dementia.

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s, but doctors can slow the progression of its symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce costs for families. They can also help caregivers with the challenges of caring for someone with this illness.

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What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive, debilitating brain disease. It causes memory loss and other cognitive difficulties.

It is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors that affect the brain over time. It usually begins in middle age.

That cause alzheimer

Alzheimer’s Disease is a brain disorder that causes a gradual loss of memory and thinking ability. The condition is caused by abnormal proteins called plaques and tangles that build up in the brain. The protein deposits damage and kill brain cells, causing the brain to shrink.

These changes happen over time and can begin many years before symptoms appear. They are mainly associated with loss of neurons and decreased levels of certain chemical messengers in the brain that allow messages to be sent between brain cells.

Scientists don’t know exactly what causes the damage. But it’s known that this process starts in the hippocampus area of the brain, which is responsible for memory and learning.

When this area of the brain is damaged, it can affect other parts of the brain as well. Over time, this can cause the hippocampus to shrink and lead to memory problems.

Other factors that can increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s are genetics, environmental factors and lifestyle habits. For example, a diet high in fat and sugar can increase the risk of this disease.

In addition, a family history of dementia can also increase your risk. If several members of your family have suffered from this disease, it’s important to get tested to find out whether you have the APOE gene.

People with a mutation in this gene have an increased risk of Alzheimer’s. These mutations produce too much of a toxic protein fragment called amyloid-beta peptide. This causes the abnormal accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain.

Those with this genetic mutation have also been found to develop neurofibrillary tangles, which are clusters of tau proteins that build up in the brain. These tangles can damage the nerve cells that control thinking, emotion and movement.

The tangles are also more likely to develop in the frontal part of the brain, which is related to the ability to plan and control emotions. The tangles are more common in older adults, but they can also occur in younger people.

Other factors that can increase your risk of developing Alzheimer’s include a low level of education, poor eating habits and exposure to head trauma. Having a history of untreated heart or blood vessel disease may also increase your risk. Preventing or managing high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and heart disease can lower your risk of developing this disease.

Signs of alzheimer’s disease

If you’re concerned that a loved one is experiencing early signs of Alzheimer’s disease, be sure to visit their doctor. They can assess the symptoms and recommend tests, such as a mental status exam, blood and urine tests, or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain.

Generally, the first symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are a lack of memory or thinking skills. A person may forget things that happened in the past, like family birthdays or anniversary dates, or they may struggle with finding their way around the house.

They may also forget the names of common items, such as their car keys or the names of their children and spouse. They may also misplace things, have trouble managing their finances, take longer to complete regular tasks and have changes in their mood or personality.

Another sign of Alzheimer’s is a loss of spatial relationships, which includes being able to recognize objects that are close and far away. This is called “spatial confusion.” People with Alzheimer’s often confuse time and place, and can lose their sense of direction or find themselves lost in a familiar place.

Other early symptoms of Alzheimer’s include a change in eating habits and sleep patterns, along with changes in behavior or mood. For example, a person who always enjoyed talking with friends may start to withdraw and become irritable or depressed.

Physical changes are other warning signs of Alzheimer’s, including pale skin, flushed skin, mouth sores, vomiting or feverish skin. Other symptoms can be seen in the nonverbal aspects of a person’s behavior, such as gestures and facial expressions.

In the late stages of Alzheimer’s disease, a person may have completely lost their short-term memory and have no ability to recognize family or friends. This can make them lose their independence and need assistance with daily activities, such as eating or using the bathroom.

Other symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease include a loss of balance and clumsiness, difficulty identifying colors and seeing far away objects. These changes can affect a person’s ability to drive or use the stairs. They can also cause them to trip, fall or be injured in a fall.

Treatment for alzheimer’s disease

If you or a loved one are at risk of Alzheimer’s disease, it’s important to get the right treatment. Early detection can slow the progress of the disease, and some medications are clinically proven to help improve memory and cognitive skills.

In the early stage, a person may start to forget familiar names or things. They might also have trouble remembering details like dates and seasons, or noticing where they’ve put their keys.

It’s also common for people with Alzheimer’s to struggle with simple arithmetic problems. For example, they might have trouble balancing their checkbook.

Another symptom of early-stage Alzheimer’s is that the person often has difficulties with spatial relationships, such as reading a book or judging distances. This can cause them to trip over furniture or fall down when walking around their home.

The condition may also affect a person’s personality and mood. It can make them become anxious, withdrawn or suspicious when placed in a new environment.

During this phase, the person may start to have hallucinations or delusions. This is a very distressing and frightening time for the person, as well as their carer and friends or family members.

There are other signs of late-stage Alzheimer’s, such as the inability to recognize or understand others, a complete dependence on others to perform activities of daily living and severe disorientation (including wandering or getting lost). The person may also experience personality changes or hostility.

As the disease progresses, it can cause serious injuries to a person’s body. These can include bladder and bowel problems, a lack of awareness of what is happening in their body, or choking and swallowing issues.

Other symptoms that may occur at this stage are a loss of appetite and the inability to drink or use the toilet without assistance. These can lead to severe illness and death if not treated.

There are no current treatments to stop or cure Alzheimer’s disease, but scientists are making incredible strides in the field of Alzheimer’s research. These may lead to future cures that will allow people to keep their functional skills longer than would otherwise be possible.

How to prevent alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a serious and progressive disease that can cause severe symptoms and even take your life. It occurs when a build-up of two proteins in the brain leads to abnormal changes in the neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques.

This can cause problems with memory and thinking skills, and it often begins in the elderly. The first signs of the disease usually occur about a decade before you begin experiencing symptoms.

In early stages, you may experience forgetfulness and trouble remembering things, such as where you put your keys or a phone number. You might also lose the ability to understand what you read, hear or say.

You may also start to have difficulty with the simple tasks of eating, bathing or dressing. In later stages, you might have to rely on others to do these things for you. You might also have problems concentrating on work or school.

There is no way to completely prevent Alzheimer’s, but there are some lifestyle changes that can lower your risk of developing the disease and slow its progression. These include improving your sleep, reducing stress and eating a healthy diet.

A good night’s sleep is essential for cognitive functioning, so get at least seven hours of sleep every night. Make your bedroom cool and dark to promote rest, and don’t drink coffee or eat sweets before bedtime.

Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber and whole grains is another way to lower your risk of alzheimer’s disease. A Mediterranean diet, for example, has been linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s.

It’s also important to limit your alcohol consumption, especially heavy amounts. Consuming too much alcohol can speed up brain aging and worsen memory loss.

Managing chronic inflammation is another key step to keeping your body and brain healthy, according to Harvard Medical School researchers. Chronic inflammation can damage the body’s cells and lead to diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and type 2 diabetes.

You can reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s by controlling your cholesterol levels, getting regular exercise and taking steps to manage other health issues such as high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes or heart disease. If you have a family history of the disease, it’s also helpful to see your doctor for a thorough evaluation.

https://assistedlivingseniorcare.org/what-is-alzheimers-disease-54/

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a serious illness that causes memory loss, personality changes and problems with daily activities. It is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors.

The most important risk factor is age. People over 65 are about twice as likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease as people under 65.

That cause alzheimer

There are a variety of factors that can increase your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. The most common factor is age. Almost two-thirds of those diagnosed with Alzheimer’s are over 65 years old, but there is a very rare early-onset form of the disease that can occur in people 30 to 60.

Genetics are also important. Those with a family history of the condition are more likely to develop it. Some types of Alzheimer’s, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, are linked to abnormal gene mutations.

Other conditions can cause a change in brain cells that may be linked to Alzheimer’s, including vascular diseases like heart disease and diabetes. These conditions can increase your risk of developing dementia, and research is ongoing to see if there are ways to reduce your risk.

Lifestyle changes can also help lower your risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Regular exercise, a healthy diet and avoiding smoking are all good practices. Keeping blood pressure and cholesterol levels under control can also reduce your risk.

Another important risk factor is being overweight or obese. This is associated with higher amounts of plaques and tangles in the brain.

The more plaques and tangles that accumulate in the brain, the more difficult it is to remember things or process information. It is also harder for the brain to make new nerve cells.

As these plaques and tangles progress, they can cause brain cells to die. When this happens, your loved one’s mental and physical abilities decline. They may not be able to drive, work or socialize as they once did.

Memory lapses are the most common sign of early-stage Alzheimer’s. They’re usually short-lived and don’t interfere with their everyday life, but they will get worse over time. For example, your loved one might forget where they left their keys or who their friends are.

They may also start to misplace things, put them in places that don’t make sense or repeat statements and questions over and over. They might be more irritable and anxious, as well as experience a loss of sleep.

Signs of alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder that causes memory loss, confusion and changes in personality. It can cause a person to lose independence and eventually live in a nursing home or other care facility. The symptoms can get worse and become harder to recognise over time.

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s usually begin after age 65, although they can start earlier in some people. This is called “early-onset” Alzheimer’s. The symptoms may be more noticeable to family members and friends, but a diagnosis needs to be made by a doctor.

It’s also important to note that many people have some forgetfulness from time to time and this can look similar to a mild form of Alzheimer’s, so it’s important to get an early diagnosis. This way, you can start treatment sooner and slow down the progression of the disease.

The first signs of Alzheimer’s are problems with memory – in particular, difficulties recalling recent events. This is because the damage in Alzheimer’s affects the hippocampus, which is responsible for day-to-day memory.

Other signs include difficulty finding the right words and trouble understanding visual images or spatial relationships. It is also possible to experience changes in behaviour and mood, which can be difficult to recognise.

These changes can make it hard for them to remember details of their daily routine, such as where they left their keys or what time they have to leave. They may also lose interest in their activities or hobbies and need help with their usual tasks.

They might also have problems getting around, especially when they’re in an unfamiliar place. They might forget things they need, such as their medication or where they put it.

Some of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s can be caused by a decrease in the levels of a chemical messenger in the brain, which sends messages between brain cells (called neurotransmitters). There are drugs that can curb this breakdown. These are used to slow the progress of Alzheimer’s and may help to improve your loved one’s quality of life.

Identifying the signs of Alzheimer’s is important because it can allow you to plan ahead for your loved one’s future. This could include taking out a long-term care insurance policy or planning for their care needs. It can also give you the opportunity to talk about end-of-life issues, such as financial planning or advance directives.

Treatment for alzheimer’s disease

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but there are treatments that can help slow or ease symptoms and improve a person’s quality of life. Treatments also may help prevent a person from developing the disease in the first place.

Drugs that boost levels of a chemical messenger (acetylcholine) in the brain can sometimes help people with Alzheimer’s think and remember better. These drugs are called cholinesterase inhibitors, and they can be prescribed to treat mild-to-moderate symptoms of Alzheimer’s.

These medications work to prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, which is important for memory, thought and judgment. As Alzheimer’s disease progresses, acetylcholine levels decrease. Taking these medicines with food might help reduce some side effects, such as nausea and vomiting.

Some of these drugs also have been found to help people with dementia feel calmer and less anxious. They can also reduce aggression and restlessness.

Antipsychotics can help with the behavioural changes in dementia, including agitation and depression. They are only given to people with Alzheimer’s if other medicines have not worked or if there is a risk of harm to themselves or others.

Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam (Valium), are also used to help people with dementia feel relaxed and sleep more easily. They are usually only used for short periods as they can cause dizziness, drowsiness and confusion.

There are also new experimental drugs being tested that aim to reduce amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain. These treatments work by targeting the enzymes that clip beta-amyloid from its parent protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP).

They also target the pathways through which beta-amyloid fragments form into plaques. This allows some patients to reach a point where they can’t build new plaques anymore, and this may slow the disease.

A monoclonal antibody drug, called lecanemab, was recently approved for use in patients with early-stage symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease. It’s the first medication that the FDA has approved to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s by reducing amyloid plaques and tangles in the brain.

The drug works by targeting amyloid and tau tangles in the brain, two hallmarks of Alzheimer’s. In clinical trials, lecanemab slowed cognitive decline by 27% over 18 months compared with those who received a placebo. However, it is too soon to say whether this medication will slow the progression of the disease for people with Alzheimer’s at a later stage.

How to prevent alzheimer’s disease

As you age, some of your brain cells may become damaged. This is called dementia and causes memory loss, trouble thinking, and problems with communication. But you can take steps to prevent Alzheimer’s disease.

For example, you can do things to make sure your blood pressure is healthy, manage your cholesterol and diabetes, and avoid high levels of the amino acid homocysteine. This will keep your heart and arteries strong, and lower your risk of other health problems.

Scientists have found that Alzheimer’s disease is linked to two abnormal structures called plaques and tangles in the brain. These plaques and tangles block nerve cells’ ability to communicate with each other and cause other problems.

But it’s not clear what causes these abnormalities. Researchers believe that they somehow disrupt how your brain cells work, like they would in a factory.

When these plaques and tangles get out of control, they cause damage to the brain that leads to memory loss and other symptoms. As the plaques and tangles grow, they spread to other areas of the brain.

If you’re worried about Alzheimer’s, talk with your doctor. Your doctor can do tests and talk to you about treatments that may help you.

Your doctor can also talk to you about your family history of Alzheimer’s. This is an important factor because it shows whether there are any genes that may predispose you to the disease.

You can help lower your risk of Alzheimer’s disease by avoiding certain behaviors and eating the right foods and staying physically active. For example, adding a few strength training sessions to your weekly routine may reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s by half.

A good diet, including plenty of fruits and vegetables, is key for brain health and preventing dementia. It’s also essential to maintain a healthy weight.

It’s important to avoid smoking, drinking too much alcohol, and other unhealthy behaviors that can have a negative impact on your brain. These habits can contribute to heart disease and other health problems that increase your risk of Alzheimer’s, as well as other types of dementia.

https://assistedlivingseniorcare.org/what-is-alzheimers-disease-53/

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a serious condition that causes memory loss and other problems with thinking, learning and daily activities. It’s caused by the build-up of abnormal clumps of proteins in and around brain cells.

These clumps form plaques and tangles within brain cells. These clumps and tangles can disrupt the way brain cells communicate with each other.

That cause alzheimer

Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors. It is a progressive brain disorder that begins years before symptoms appear. It is the most common cause of dementia, affecting about 6.5 million people in the United States and more than 55 million worldwide.

The disease is characterized by abnormal deposits of proteins, such as amyloid plaques and tau tangles. These deposits may disrupt the function of brain cells, causing them to die.

Aging is the most significant risk factor for Alzheimer’s. The risk increases about twice every 5 years after age 65. The risk is greater for people with the APOE-e4 gene, which is associated with the development of early-onset Alzheimer’s.

Other health conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure (hypertension), and head trauma are also risk factors. These can reduce the speed at which the brain removes excess amyloid protein, resulting in a build-up of plaques and tangles in the brain.

A family history of Alzheimer’s disease is another strong factor. It is more common in older people, but younger people can get it if they have a parent or sibling who has the disease.

The disease is often caused by a change in the genes that control how well neurons communicate with each other. These changes cause certain chemical messengers to be produced in lower amounts. The levels of one neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, are particularly low in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease.

This leads to problems communicating and learning new information. It also disrupts the memory system in the brain, and eventually results in a loss of memory.

As the disease progresses, a person may begin to have trouble remembering details about their daily life, such as where they left their keys or which bank they used for a specific deposit. The person can also experience difficulty recognizing and remembering faces or names, even among friends.

These symptoms are not always severe, but they can be annoying to a person who is trying to do their daily activities. They can affect an individual’s ability to work and socialize, and may increase the need for assistance in completing everyday tasks.

Signs of alzheimer’s disease

Memory problems are one of the first signs of Alzheimer’s disease. People who are diagnosed with this condition often struggle to remember their name or a phone number, or they may have difficulty recalling something new that they’ve learned recently. It’s normal to forget appointments and colleagues’ names occasionally, but it can be a sign of a serious problem if you find yourself constantly relying on other people to remember your own details.

Another sign of this condition is the formation of abnormal clumps or tangles called amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. These are thought to damage and kill nerve cells, causing Alzheimer’s disease symptoms.

The formation of these plaques and tangles occurs over a long period of time, usually starting a decade before memory and thinking problems start to occur. The plaques and tangles are part of the brain’s normal process, but they can be harmful when they cause problems.

As the disorder progresses, you and your loved one may find it difficult to perform everyday activities. It is important to keep a close eye on your loved one’s behavior. They may become short-tempered, or they may suffer from delusions that someone is stealing from them. They also may lose their ability to recognize their family and friends.

Other signs of this condition include lapses in judgment and personality changes. These can be subtle, and they might only appear to your loved one or to the people closest to them. They can be hard to diagnose, but early diagnosis and treatment are helping many patients improve their quality of life.

Some risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease can be changed, such as reducing alcohol use, avoiding smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, and maintaining a healthy diet. Other risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease may be genetic, so if you have a family history of the disease, it’s helpful to have a doctor review your family medical records.

Taking medications or supplements can also reduce your risk for this condition. These treatments can be taken by mouth or in a pill form, and they may be prescribed by your doctor.

Treatment for alzheimer’s disease

Treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease include medicines that may improve memory, or slow symptoms from getting worse. Medications can also be used to treat other health problems that occur along with Alzheimer’s.

Medications can help ease and stabilize memory problems by targeting the chemical messengers that send messages between nerve cells in the brain. Drugs that increase acetylcholine levels in the brain (called cholinesterase inhibitors) are one type of treatment for Alzheimer’s. These drugs can help to slow or delay the onset of dementia in about half of patients who take them.

Some doctors prescribe a medication called donepezil or galantamine to people with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. This drug is taken as a tablet or dissolved in water, and it is available in two strengths. It’s usually started at the beginning of the disease to slow or prevent further damage.

The drug donepezil has been found to decrease the amount of a protein called amyloid in the brain, which can cause the buildup of plaques and tangles that are thought to be a major factor in Alzheimer’s disease. Similarly, the drug galantamine has been found to reduce tau, which is another protein that contributes to Alzheimer’s disease.

Doctors may also prescribe medications that target other chemicals in the brain, called neurotransmitters. These chemicals help to transmit information between nerve cells, which are necessary for thinking and learning. When Alzheimer’s disease damages the brain, chemicals such as acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA are released in excess. These chemicals are believed to be the main culprits in causing Alzheimer’s.

In recent years, researchers have found that a monoclonal antibody called lecanemab has been successful in preventing the progress of Alzheimer’s disease in some patients. It’s the first new treatment in decades and represents a significant step forward in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is also sometimes prescribed for people with severe Alzheimer’s. It is thought to work by regulating glutamate, which is released in excessive amounts when brain cells are damaged by Alzheimer’s.

Many doctors use a combination of medications to help people with Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers cope with the disease and its effects. This can include antidepressants, sleep aids and other medications to treat behavior problems such as agitation or aggression. These drugs should be used with caution because they can have serious side effects, including dizziness, falls and confusion.

How to prevent alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia that affects memory and thinking. It’s a progressive disease, meaning that symptoms worsen over time.

There is no single treatment that can prevent Alzheimer’s, but there are several things you can do to lower your risk of developing this condition. A healthy lifestyle, like getting regular exercise and eating a heart-healthy diet, can reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s by helping to keep your brain and body in good health.

It’s also important to avoid cigarette smoke, which can harm your brain and increase your risk of this disease. If you are a smoker, try to stop smoking as soon as possible.

Another thing you can do to help prevent Alzheimer’s is to avoid certain foods that are high in cholesterol and saturated fat, like meats and full-fat dairy products. You can also try to eat more fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains, which are rich in vitamins and minerals that may help to protect your brain.

Keeping your brain active with activities such as learning new things, socializing and staying fit can also help to keep your brain functioning at a high level and reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s. Studies show that doing these things can also boost your mood and make you feel more positive about yourself.

The brain is made up of over 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) that connect to each other to form communication networks. These groups of neurons work together to think, learn and remember, as well as help us see, hear and smell.

However, over time, nerve cells lose their connections, forming abnormal structures called plaques and tangles. These plaques can clog pathways between brain cells and slow or block the flow of signals.

This can lead to memory loss and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s, including problems with language, vision and spatial awareness. In addition, people with Alzheimer’s often experience problems with reasoning and judgment.

Some of the most effective ways to prevent Alzheimer’s are to control your dietary intake and make sure you get plenty of physical activity, along with getting a good night’s sleep. In addition, you should avoid alcohol and tobacco, as these can also damage your brain. Taking supplements such as B12 can also help to preserve your brain’s ability to function properly.

https://assistedlivingseniorcare.org/what-is-alzheimers-disease-52/

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a serious brain disorder that slowly erodes memory and the ability to think clearly. It affects people of all ages, but it is most common among older adults.

Researchers don’t know the exact cause of the disease, but they believe it’s caused by a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. Some cases are caused by specific gene changes that can be passed down in families.

That cause alzheimer

Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disease that causes dementia, which is a loss of memory, thinking and ability to carry out daily tasks. Symptoms usually begin in adulthood and are not always obvious at first.

The disease is caused by the accumulation of brain proteins that disrupt communication between nerve cells, or neurons. This causes problems with learning, memory and thinking, eventually leading to death of the brain cells. Scientists are not sure exactly how the problem occurs, but they believe it is a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors that play a role.

Researchers have identified a number of risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s. These include age, family history and health conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels.

Older adults are at greater risk of Alzheimer’s disease than younger people. The odds of developing the disease double every five years after you reach 65, though it can occur at any age.

Some people have a certain type of gene called APOE e4 that increases their risk for Alzheimer’s. It is inherited from your parents, so you can pass it down to your children. Having e4 doesn’t guarantee you will develop the disease, but it does increase your risk and makes it more likely that you will have late-onset Alzheimer’s.

This type of Alzheimer’s is more common than the early-onset type, and symptoms begin in your 40s or 50s. It tends to progress quickly and may cause you to lose your independence.

Many people with this form of Alzheimer’s have a rare chromosome disorder called Down syndrome, which is linked to higher risks for the disease. Down syndrome is a hereditary condition that occurs when you inherit an extra chromosome.

It isn’t known why this type of Alzheimer’s occurs, but it is thought to be caused by the buildup of clumps of proteins inside brain cells called amyloid plaques. These clumps of beta-amyloid clumps have a toxic effect on neurons, disrupting their communication and causing them to die.

These clumps also cause neurofibrillary tangles, which form threadlike patterns that block communication between neurons. This causes the neurons to die and prevents them from transporting nutrients needed for the cells to survive.

Signs of alzheimer’s disease

If you or someone you care about is experiencing symptoms that may be different from typical aging, see your doctor as soon as possible. This can help you to get a diagnosis and learn more about Alzheimer’s disease, so you and your loved one can take steps to prepare for the future.

People with Alzheimer’s disease experience memory loss, changes in thinking and behavior, and a gradual decline in independence. They often can’t remember names, faces or recent events, and they may find it difficult to communicate.

Alzheimer’s is caused by abnormal build-up of proteins (such as amyloid and tau) in the brain. These deposits form plaques and tangles that can damage the nerve cells in the brain.

These changes begin years before symptoms appear, in what is called preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. During this time, people may be forgetting things like appointments and names but they may still be able to recognize their family members and friends.

When this starts to happen regularly, this can be a sign that something is wrong. The person may start to use memory aids or ask family members for things that used to be theirs to do on their own, such as taking out the trash or driving.

As the disease progresses, people with Alzheimer’s can lose the ability to think clearly and make decisions, especially when they are stressed or anxious. They may also develop delusions and other unusual thoughts.

They may need help with tasks such as bathing, grooming, dressing and using the bathroom. They might also forget where they live, who their family is or what season it is.

By stage 6, a person with Alzheimer’s disease has problems communicating and needs more support in everyday activities, such as paying bills or making dinner. They might also need to rely on others for daily tasks and have trouble walking or getting around safely.

These changes can be a scary time for a person with Alzheimer’s disease and their family and friends. Early and accurate diagnoses can give families the opportunity to discuss financial planning, develop advance directives, enroll in clinical trials, and anticipate care needs.

Treatment for alzheimer’s disease

There’s no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but treatments can help reduce the symptoms. They can also help you manage the symptoms of the disease so that you have a better quality of life and can be as active as possible.

Medications can slow how quickly your condition gets worse and may also increase your memory and thinking. Drugs are often used in combination with other treatment options to improve your health and quality of life, including exercise, diet and social activities.

Many people find that taking a medication called a cholinesterase inhibitor helps improve their symptoms, but they can’t reverse Alzheimer’s or stop the loss of nerve cells in the brain. These drugs can be taken by mouth or in a liquid form, such as a capsule.

These medicines increase levels of acetylcholine, which is important for memory and thought. They are usually effective for 6 to 12 months. They may have some side effects such as diarrhoea, tiredness and muscle cramps. They are safe and well-tolerated when taken as directed.

Newer medications can also prevent the buildup of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, which are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers have found that an experimental drug called donanemab, which prevents amyloid plaques from clumping in the brain, can slow cognitive decline by up to 27%.

Scientists are developing other medicines that attack beta-amyloid and tau protein fragments. They are also studying the enzymes that clip beta-amyloid from its parent compound, amyloid precursor protein (APP).

As a result, scientists are trying to develop treatments that attack these proteins at the source and stop them from building up. The hope is that someday, these medicines will be able to stop Alzheimer’s.

The most common form of therapy for people with early-stage Alzheimer’s is a drug called a cholinesterase inhibitor. These medications boost acetylcholine in the brain and can help improve thinking, memory and communication.

Other drugs that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for people with mild or moderate Alzheimer’s disease include donepezil (Aricept) and rivastigmine (Exelon). These drugs prevent acetylcholinesterase from breaking down acetylcholine in the body, which can help protect brain cells and reduce some of the symptoms of the condition.

How to prevent alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s is a progressive brain disease. As it progresses, people may forget important information or become unable to complete daily tasks. Other signs include a change in personality and mood, trouble speaking or understanding others, and problems with judgment. They also may experience delusions and depression.

The risk of getting Alzheimer’s increases with age and with family history. However, some people get the disease without having a family history of it. In these cases, a genetic glitch makes them more likely to develop it.

There’s no way to prevent Alzheimer’s completely, but there are things you can do to reduce your chances of developing it. These include avoiding certain lifestyle habits that are linked to dementia.

For example, a lot of studies have shown that people who don’t exercise regularly, smoke, and have poor sleep patterns are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s or other types of dementia. Other lifestyle factors that are related to the development of Alzheimer’s, or that can be altered to lower the risk, include eating a healthy diet that includes fresh fruits and vegetables and low-fat dairy products.

A good diet can help to keep your blood sugar level down, which is a known risk factor for Alzheimer’s. Limiting sugary foods and cutting back on refined carbs (such as white flour) may also help.

Another thing you can do to help to reduce your risk is to avoid smoking and drinking alcohol. Heavy drinking has long been known to cause changes in the brain that can speed up the aging process and increase the risk of developing dementia.

It’s also a good idea to have regular checkups with your doctor. These can help to catch conditions that are associated with the development of dementia, including high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease.

You can also talk with your doctor about changing some of your lifestyle choices that could help to lower your risk for the disease. These could be a healthier diet, regular exercise, and managing your weight.

A healthy diet and exercise are the best ways to ensure your body is functioning well. In addition to these, a doctor can recommend specific tests and screenings that may be helpful in early detection of Alzheimer’s or other forms of dementia.

https://assistedlivingseniorcare.org/what-is-alzheimers-disease-51/

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s Disease is an illness that gradually destroys nerve cells in the brain. It can cause memory loss, personality changes and problems with everyday tasks such as eating, bathing or driving.

Alzheimer’s is caused by abnormal clumps of a protein called beta-amyloid (BAY-tuh AM-uh-loyd) and tangles of a protein called tau that build up inside nerve cells. It’s thought these clumps and tangles interfere with communication between brain cells.

That cause alzheimer

Alzheimer’s Disease is a form of dementia that affects memory and other thinking skills. It occurs when brain cells (neurons) are damaged. Experts aren’t sure what causes the damage, but they think it’s a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors.

Alzheimer’s is rare among people under 65, but it can occur in middle age or older, especially if you have certain risk factors. Those risk factors include family history, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, head injury and diabetes.

Familial Alzheimer’s is a rare form of the disease, usually caused by inherited changes in genes that cause the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. This type of dementia makes up less than 1% of all cases of Alzheimer’s, but it often begins in people’s 30s or 40s.

The symptoms of Alzheimer’s can vary from person to person. They can range from a small loss of memory to difficulty performing basic tasks, including paying bills and remembering where things are in the house. They can also include problems with speech and language.

Researchers are trying to understand the chemical changes that cause Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia. They think that brain proteins fail to work properly, disrupting the functioning of neurons in the brain. This can cause brain cells to break down and die.

In some people, this can be due to a particular change in a gene called the APOE e4 gene. About 25% to 30% of the population carries this gene, which increases their risk of developing Alzheimer’s.

Other risk factors for Alzheimer’s are age, race and gender. Women tend to have a higher risk than men, while black and Latino people have about double the risk.

If you have Alzheimer’s or another form of dementia, you may be able to take medication that helps reduce the symptoms of your condition. These medicines can be used to treat things like agitation, restlessness, confusion and depression. They can be given as needed, but they can sometimes have unpleasant side effects and are typically only prescribed for a short time when other non-drug therapies aren’t working.

Signs of alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder that causes loss of memory and other thinking skills. It’s one of the most common diseases affecting older people. The disease progresses over time and affects everyone differently. The cause of the disease isn’t known, but there are several factors that increase your risk.

Age is a major risk factor. Studies have shown that the chances of developing Alzheimer’s disease doubles every 5 years after you reach 65. You also have a greater risk of developing dementia if you have certain medical conditions or have been exposed to harmful substances like alcohol, HIV or drugs.

Early signs of Alzheimer’s may be difficult to detect, because they can seem like normal changes that occur with aging. For example, you might notice your loved one putting things in unusual places or forgetting important dates. But if they don’t have any family members around and these problems aren’t going away, you should see their doctor as soon as possible to make sure there is no underlying problem.

Another sign of Alzheimer’s is that people often get confused about the day of the week and can’t remember where they are or how they got there. They can also have trouble understanding how to read, drive or handle complex tasks.

Changes in a person’s personality can be a sign of Alzheimer’s as well. They might lose interest in activities that they once enjoyed or become withdrawn. Mood and behavior changes can include a loss of interest in friends or family, depression, irritability or difficulty sleeping.

Dementia-like symptoms can be very uncomfortable for your loved one, but it is crucial to seek professional help. Taking medication to manage these symptoms can help.

Some medications work by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that’s important for memory and thought processes. Others work by supporting the communication between nerve cells.

For many people, these medications can reduce or even prevent some of the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s. However, they can’t stop the disease from worsening and can have side effects such as sleepiness, dizziness and confusion.

Treatment for alzheimer’s disease

There’s no cure for Alzheimer’s, but there are medications available to slow the symptoms of this disease and make life easier for people who have it. Medications can also help people cope with the psychological effects of dementia. These include mood and agitation problems, sleep disturbances, hallucinations and delusions.

Some of these drugs help brain cells to communicate more effectively, called neurotransmitters. Some of them help to increase levels of acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that’s important for memory and learning. Others help to regulate the activity of glutamate, another neurotransmitter that’s also important for cognitive function.

The FDA has approved five drugs to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: Aricept (Renogest), Exelon (Esketamine), Namenda (Symmetrel), Namzaric (Galantamine) and Razadyne (Rivastigmine). They work by blocking the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which destroys acetylcholine.

These medications are given as a pill, an extended-release capsule or a skin patch. They can be used by older adults and children with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s.

A new medication, aducanumab, has received accelerated approval by the FDA and is currently in clinical trials. It may help reduce amyloid deposits in the brain that cause Alzheimer’s symptoms.

This drug may be beneficial for patients in the early stages of the disease, but it has only been tested in very few people with the condition. Aducanumab, injected every two weeks, is the first medication in decades to target amyloid deposits.

It was also found to slow cognitive and functional decline in early-stage Alzheimer’s patients, compared with those who took a placebo. It also showed a very strong reduction in amyloid plaques that accumulate between brain neurons.

If you have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, it is important to discuss the different treatment options with your doctor. This will help you to decide what is best for you and your family.

Your doctor will also be able to help you find support groups and information about non-drug therapies. These therapies can be very useful for people who are feeling depressed or anxious and may improve their quality of life. They are often attended by other people who have the same diagnosis, and they can help you to cope better with the symptoms of Alzheimer’s.

How to prevent alzheimer’s disease

While there is no known cure for Alzheimer’s disease, research shows that certain lifestyle changes can help protect your brain. These include limiting smoking, drinking less alcohol and exercising regularly.

Diet is a crucial part of preventing Alzheimer’s and related dementias, because eating the right foods can help keep your brain healthy. Eat a diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean meats. Limit saturated fats, trans fats, added sugars and sodium.

It’s also a good idea to avoid sugary beverages, especially sodas and energy drinks. High sugar intake can lead to dramatic spikes in blood sugar, which can wreak havoc on your brain.

Those with diabetes are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease, because insulin resistance in the body can cause damage to the nerve cells of the brain and hinder communication between them. Eating a low-sugar, high-protein diet can reduce your risk of developing this condition and other types of dementia.

Exercise is another important part of a healthy, well-balanced diet and can have a positive effect on your brain health. Try to get a minimum of 30 minutes a day of exercise and try to do it several times each week.

Studies have shown that a healthy diet and regular exercise can reduce your chances of developing Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia by up to 50%. A heart-healthy diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and protein will also reduce your risk of obesity, which has been linked to an increased risk of these diseases.

Many of the other risk factors that have been associated with Alzheimer’s are also influenced by your health and lifestyle habits. For example, smoking, being overweight, not getting enough physical activity, and having a family history of the condition are all risk factors for developing this disease.

If you have a family history of Alzheimer’s, talk to your doctor about the risks of the disease and how you can protect yourself. This will give you a chance to discuss your options for treatment and planning for your future.

Until further studies prove the effectiveness of these and other preventive measures, it is best to focus on improving your health in ways that have been proven to help lower your chances of getting Alzheimer’s disease. A healthy diet, a balanced exercise routine, and regular sleep will all help to ensure that you have a long, happy and healthy life.

https://assistedlivingseniorcare.org/what-is-alzheimers-disease-50/

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a serious brain disorder. It causes memory loss and other problems that interfere with everyday life.

Symptoms begin slowly and get worse over time. Early-stage Alzheimer’s is difficult to treat, but medicines can improve or slow the progression of symptoms.

In some people, clumps of the protein amyloid-beta form in the brain (called plaques). Other proteins build up inside neurons (called neurofibrillary tangles). These tangles block communication between nerve cells and cause them to die.

That cause alzheimer

In most people, Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors that affect the brain over time. But in less than 1% of the population, it’s caused by specific changes in a gene called APOE-e4 that almost guarantee a person will develop Alzheimer’s disease. This risk factor is usually passed down from one generation to the next, making it more common among people with a family history of the disease.

Other risk factors for Alzheimer’s include head injuries, heart disease and high blood pressure. These conditions can damage the brain’s arteries, leading to hardening and plaque build-up in the artery walls. These types of vascular problems can also lead to the accumulation of beta-amyloid and tau proteins in the brain that may cause the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

Another important cause of Alzheimer’s is inflammation in the brain, which can damage the neurons that send signals to other cells. Inflammation can also lead to a decrease in the amount of certain chemicals called neurotransmitters that nerve cells use to communicate.

A build-up of amyloid plaques and tangles in the brain is another early warning sign of Alzheimer’s. These plaques and tangles can damage brain cells, interfere with memory function, and make it harder for you to think clearly and perform other cognitive functions.

The amyloid protein is a sticky substance that can form abnormal clumps in the brain, known as plaques. It can also form tangled fibers in brain cells, called neurofibrillary tangles.

In addition to the amyloid plaques and tangles, other signs of Alzheimer’s are loss of connection between brain cells and shrinkage or atrophy of parts of the brain. These signs can be caused by damage to brain cells, and the shrinkage or atrophy can start decades before symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease begin.

Scientists are now focusing on how these brain changes can be prevented. They want to understand whether and how a healthy diet, exercise and other aspects of overall healthy aging can help prevent the formation of these brain changes. They hope that these strategies will keep the brain healthier and may reduce the chance of developing Alzheimer’s or other dementias in later life.

Signs of alzheimer’s disease

Memory loss and thinking problems are the most common symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Other symptoms may include changes in behavior, including agitation, restlessness, aggression and depression. They also may be accompanied by hallucinations or delusions.

Everyone gets forgetfulness from time to time, but it’s much more common in people with Alzheimer’s. These memory lapses can cause trouble with driving, work and social life. They may even get lost in familiar places.

Researchers don’t know what causes the damage to brain cells that occurs in Alzheimer’s. But they think it’s caused by abnormal structures called plaques and tangles in the brain. Plaques are deposits of a protein fragment, while tangles are twisted fibers that can build inside nerve cells.

The plaques and tangles disrupt the normal functioning of the brain. They prevent parts of a cell’s factory from running well, and as the damage spreads, brain cells start to die.

In most people, these changes begin about a decade before memory problems start. This stage is known as preclinical Alzheimer’s.

If someone you care about is showing signs of Alzheimer’s, you should discuss them with your doctor. The doctor can examine the person and perform some tests to confirm a diagnosis.

Generally, Alzheimer’s affects those ages 65 and older. But the condition can occur in younger people. Some risk factors are age, genetics and family history.

For example, people with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s later in life. Having a first-degree relative, like a parent or sibling, who has Alzheimer’s disease increases your chances of getting it.

Another risk factor is being overweight or obese. This can lead to more inflammation in the brain, which can increase your chances of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

Your health care provider may also ask you about other symptoms that you’re experiencing, such as trouble concentrating or trouble with short-term memory. They can perform a mental status exam and other tests to check your memory, attention, thinking skills and problem-solving abilities.

Treatment for alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is not curable, but there are medications that may help relieve some symptoms. These drugs may also improve the quality of life for patients and caregivers.

The first treatments that doctors use to treat Alzheimer’s are cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razydyne) and rivastigmine transdermal patch (Exelon). These drugs increase the levels of acetylcholine, which is important for memory and thinking.

Other treatments include anti-anxiety medicines, which may reduce agitation and aggressive behavior in some people with Alzheimer’s. They should be used only on the advice of a doctor. They can cause sleepiness, dizziness and confusion and should only be given for short periods of time.

There are also some new drugs that have been approved by the FDA, such as aducanumab, which targets amyloid plaques. These clumps of beta-amyloid protein are the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s.

These drugs may slow the progression of the disease and may make it easier for the person with Alzheimer’s to live at home for a longer time. They may also help to improve behavioral symptoms, such as agitation and depression, which can be difficult for both the person with Alzheimer’s and their caregivers.

Some of these drugs are given by mouth or in a patch, and others are taken as tablets. All of these drugs have side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite.

Other medications, such as memantine, work in another brain cell communication network to slow the progression of symptoms in people with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s. They are usually taken together with a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Non-drug treatments are being developed to manage some of the symptoms that come with Alzheimer’s, such as agitation and depression. Some of these are aimed at making it easier for the patient to get up in the morning and take their medication, while others are intended to make it easier for the caregiver to provide care for the person with Alzheimer’s.

The most effective drugs for Alzheimer’s can only be prescribed by a specialist, such as a neurologist or psychiatrist. They can be difficult to get hold of, so it is often worth contacting an expert for a referral.

How to prevent alzheimer’s disease

A healthy lifestyle is one of the best ways to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers have found that people who regularly exercise, eat well and avoid alcohol have a lower risk of dementia.

Physical activity is important for your heart, circulation, weight and mental health. It can also help you avoid or manage high blood pressure, diabetes and other health conditions.

Eating a diet rich in fruit and vegetables can help protect the brain from disease. Studies show that those who consume a healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol have a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

Research also shows that regular physical activity helps protect the brain against depression and other conditions. Many people find it difficult to increase their physical activity, but it is a good idea to try to get more movement into your daily life.

Getting regular exercise can improve your mood, reduce the risk of falls and maintain your independence. It can also increase the levels of certain chemicals in your brain that send messages between cells.

It can also decrease levels of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain that can lead to Alzheimer’s disease. These deposits are thought to be the cause of memory loss and other symptoms in people with Alzheimer’s disease.

Other risk factors include a family history of Alzheimer’s, poor sleep patterns and drinking too much alcohol. If you have these habits, it’s important to change them.

Age is the most common risk factor for Alzheimer’s, and it can start in the brain long before symptoms are seen. This means that it’s never too early to make sure your brain is protected at any age.

A diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains can protect your brain. In particular, you should focus on eating antioxidant-rich foods. These foods are high in vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene. They can also help you avoid unhealthy fats and sugar.

Inflammation is also an important risk factor for Alzheimer’s and other types of dementia. This is because inflammation causes neurons to become damaged and inhibit communication between them.

https://assistedlivingseniorcare.org/what-is-alzheimers-disease-49/

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder that causes problems with memory and other thinking skills. It affects people of all ages.

The disease begins with abnormal build-up of proteins called amyloid and tau in the brain. These proteins form plaques and tangles that block nerve cells from communicating properly. This causes them to die over time.

That cause alzheimer

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, a medical term for the loss of mental function caused by brain damage. It usually affects older people, but less common forms can appear in younger adults.

Scientists are still trying to understand what causes this condition. However, there are a few key factors that have been linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s. These include genetic (hereditary) factors, family history and health conditions such as stroke, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity.

Genetics: Your risk of developing Alzheimer’s is largely determined by the variant (difference) in your apolipoprotein E gene. Some people have a ‘risk’ form of this gene, called APOE-e4, which increases their risk of the disease. Alternatively, they may have a ‘protective’ form of this gene, called APOE-e2, which lowers their risk.

Familial Alzheimer’s: People who have a rare type of Alzheimer’s called familial Alzheimer’s have an unusual change in the genes presenilin 1, presenilin 2 and amyloid precursor protein (APP). They can be diagnosed before they reach age 60, with their symptoms often appearing in their 40s or 50s.

These changes can cause a build-up of a sticky substance called beta-amyloid in the brain, which then kills off brain cells. Anti-amyloid drugs are now being tested to try to slow or stop this process.

In the future, the research may be able to target the amyloid plaques before they have a chance to develop and destroy brain cells. This could help people with early-onset Alzheimer’s have a better chance of survival, says Dr. Bateman, senior investigator at the Institute of Neurology in London.

Lifestyle: A healthy diet, regular exercise and social interaction are known to improve your general health and wellbeing, and can reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s. But, like most diseases, there are other factors that can also increase your risk.

Head trauma: A recent study found that a blow to the head could increase your risk of Alzheimer’s by up to 40%. Other factors that may raise your risk include a family history of Alzheimer’s and high levels of a chemical called homocysteine in your blood.

Signs of alzheimer’s disease

People with Alzheimer’s disease often have memory lapses or forgetfulness. This can look like the normal aging process, but it is usually an early sign of Alzheimer’s and should be treated as soon as possible.

In the early stages of Alzheimer’s, problems with memory can be a big worry for family members and carers. They may notice changes in the person’s behaviour and their daily activities – for example, they might become anxious or depressed or lose interest in things that used to bring them pleasure.

They might also forget details of recent events, such as appointments or phone numbers. They may have difficulty remembering how to do a simple task, such as getting dressed or cooking dinner.

It is not always easy to spot the signs of dementia, especially if they are rapidly getting worse. This is why it’s important to visit your GP as soon as you see any of these symptoms and discuss them with them.

At the same time, if you have any concerns about your loved one, it’s always a good idea to get them checked out by their GP too. They can check their brain function, and do other tests to rule out other conditions that might be causing the problem.

The most common way to diagnose dementia is through a medical examination of the person’s memory. This involves a physical exam, and sometimes an interview with them to find out more about their lifestyle.

In some cases, a neurologist might be called in for a further medical assessment. If the neurologist thinks that the person has Alzheimer’s disease, they will recommend treatment and support.

A neurologist can also refer the person to a specialist in dementia, such as a psychiatrist or a geriatrician. These professionals can help with the practical aspects of caring for a person with Alzheimer’s, such as arranging day-to-day support and helping them to live more independently.

There are three main stages of Alzheimer’s disease – preclinical, mild and advanced. Each stage has its own set of signs, but they all usually progress in a similar way. Knowing these stages helps healthcare providers and family members make decisions about how to care for someone with Alzheimer’s.

Treatment for alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is not a curable condition, but there are several medicines available that can help with some symptoms and make life easier for people with the disease. These medications work by modifying how certain brain cells communicate with each other. Some drugs work by reducing the amount of amyloid plaques that build up in your brain. Others improve your memory, reduce agitation or prevent new brain damage from happening.

Drugs that increase the level of acetylcholine in your brain may help slow the development of Alzheimer’s symptoms, including memory loss. They’re called cholinesterase inhibitors, and they’re the only approved drugs for this purpose.

They also work by boosting the levels of another neurotransmitter called glutamate, which helps nerve cells communicate with each other. Namenda and Namzaric are two drugs that combine these approaches.

These medicines don’t cure Alzheimer’s, but they can improve some memory problems and decrease behavioral symptoms. The side effects of these medicines can be serious, so people should be carefully monitored when taking them.

Behavioral treatments for alzheimer’s include anti-anxiety and antipsychotic medicines. They can ease agitation and aggression, but they can also cause sleepiness, dizziness and falls, so they should be used with caution.

Caregivers can also help people with Alzheimer’s cope with their condition by helping them organize their daily activities and by minimizing distractions. They can keep the person with Alzheimer’s in a familiar living environment and provide comfort items, such as favorite stuffed animals or blankets.

Research is also being done to find ways to treat the early symptoms of Alzheimer’s, which often develop before the symptoms of dementia actually start. Scientists are testing different approaches, such as a medication called lecanemab that is shown to clear amyloid plaques and other biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease in some people.

There is also a new drug, aducanumab (Aduhelm(tm)), that has received accelerated approval from the FDA to treat mild cognitive impairment or early-stage dementia due to Alzheimer’s. It’s the first drug specifically designed to help reduce amyloid plaques in the brain.

A good treatment plan will involve a combination of strategies that focus on the needs of your loved one and you as their caregiver. Talking about what’s important to you, your goals and expectations for the treatment you receive can help you work together with your health care team.

How to prevent alzheimer’s disease

The best way to prevent Alzheimer’s disease is to avoid getting it in the first place. There are many things you can do to reduce your risk, including a healthy diet, regular physical activity and good sleep.

The causes of Alzheimer’s disease aren’t fully understood. But it is thought that certain proteins build up in and around the brain cells, forming plaques and tangles. These tangles block communication between nerve cells. This slows and interferes with brain cells’ normal functions, including memory.

These changes can begin years before a person shows any symptoms of Alzheimer’s. This stage is called preclinical Alzheimer’s and is usually mild and may be hard to notice.

People who have this stage of the disease still seem like normal people to others, but their memory may be less clear and they might have trouble thinking about things or remembering what has happened in the past. They might also have problems with concentration and problem-solving.

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s, but there are treatment options to help people live longer and improve their quality of life. These include drugs that improve memory and mood, as well as support for the family.

Some of the medications can cause side effects, so you should talk with your doctor before taking them. You can also ask your doctor about exercise and other ways to boost your cognitive health, which may help prevent Alzheimer’s disease.

Researchers have found that a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors affects your chances of developing Alzheimer’s. In some cases, people develop the disease because of a rare gene glitch.

But in most people, Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a combination of risk factors that can be changed. These include age, family history and having a healthy lifestyle.

The risk of Alzheimer’s disease is highest in men, women ages 65 and older, and those who have a first-degree relative (parent or sibling) with the disease. But, for most people, the risk is much lower if they have a healthy lifestyle and don’t smoke.

A healthy lifestyle can help prevent Alzheimer’s disease by reducing your risk of heart disease, diabetes and other chronic diseases that can damage the brain. It can also reduce your risk of depression and anxiety, two other conditions that can increase your chances of getting Alzheimer’s disease. The best way to reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s disease is to stay active, eat a healthy diet, don’t smoke and get adequate sleep.

https://assistedlivingseniorcare.org/what-is-alzheimers-disease-48/

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder that causes memory loss and other problems with thinking, learning and behavior. It is the most common form of dementia.

The disease is caused by abnormal deposits called plaques and tangles in the brain. Plaques are made of beta-amyloid protein fragments, while tangles are bundles of tau protein inside nerve cells. Both interfere with brain function and cause cell death.

That cause alzheimer

Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors that change how your brain works. It’s a progressive, incurable disease that causes memory loss and other symptoms.

Basically, the disease occurs when the proteins that make up brain cells, known as neurons, fail to function normally. This can trigger a series of events that eventually lead to cell death.

Scientists aren’t completely sure how this happens, but they believe that Alzheimer’s disease is caused by abnormal buildup of two proteins. These are beta-amyloid and tau. These proteins clump together, and form deposits called plaques and tangles in the brain.

When these protein clumps form, they can block the brain’s ability to communicate with other cells and cause damage. Over time, these deposits can grow large and spread throughout the brain, causing irreversible changes in memory and thinking skills.

Researchers think that this damage starts in the brain’s memory center and then slowly spreads to other parts of the brain. Symptoms develop over months or years and often start in the middle age.

Some people may not have any symptoms at all, but this isn’t normal. It’s important to get your doctor’s attention if you are having problems remembering or remembering things that aren’t familiar.

If someone’s memory worsens and they have difficulty with their day-to-day activities, this is a sign that they could be developing Alzheimer’s disease. They might begin to get lost, have trouble with communication and need help with basic activities like dressing or using the toilet.

Other signs of Alzheimer’s disease include difficulty finding words, a lack of coordination and poor vision or spatial awareness. This can be particularly noticeable if a person is losing their balance or spilling something on themselves or if they can’t find things easily.

These symptoms are typically mild in the early stages and can be treated with medication. These medications can help stabilise or slow the decline in memory and thinking for a while. They may also be used to treat depression, anxiety or sleep problems.

The most effective way to prevent Alzheimer’s is by making healthy choices and taking steps to improve your overall health. You can lower your risk by avoiding tobacco, drinking plenty of water, eating well and getting regular exercise.

Signs of alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s Disease is a serious condition that affects memory and thinking skills. It can happen suddenly or gradually, depending on the stage of the disease. It usually starts in older people, and it’s more common in women than men.

The first symptoms of Alzheimer’s tend to be forgetfulness or confusion. This is because it affects the parts of the brain that are important for remembering. It can also be difficult to get around and remember where you left things.

You may not be able to carry out everyday tasks like driving or doing laundry without help. This can become more difficult as the disease progresses and you need more assistance with your daily life.

Often, you’ll forget someone’s name or phone number only to realise it later. It’s normal to occasionally forget something, but if this happens more often, it could be a sign that you have Alzheimer’s.

Some people with Alzheimer’s develop a build-up of protein deposits called plaques and tangles in and around nerve cells. These proteins disrupt the way nerve cells work.

Plaques and tangles can form in many areas of the brain, but they are most likely to start in the part of the brain that is involved with memory. They can also form in the area of the brain that processes language, and they may spread to other areas of the brain as the disease progresses.

These deposits are made up of a protein fragment called beta-amyloid and twisted fibers of another protein called tau. Scientists don’t know exactly what causes these to form, but they are thought to play a crucial role in blocking the communication that nerve cells need to function properly.

A person with Alzheimer’s will also lose the ability to think clearly, to remember new information and to make decisions. They may also have trouble communicating with others and responding to emotions.

The signs of Alzheimer’s vary from person to person and can be hard to spot. It’s important to talk to your doctor about them. They can then do a few tests to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions that might be causing your symptoms.

Treatment for alzheimer’s disease

There’s no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but there are medications that can slow or ease symptoms. These medicines help improve a person’s memory and thinking, decrease stress and promote quality of life for those with the disease and their caregivers.

Doctors typically start a patient on a low dose of a medication, and increase the amount gradually over time. This process is called “medication adjustment” and can take anywhere from several months to several years.

Medications for Alzheimer’s include acetylcholine (ACh) and other chemicals that help the brain function normally. These drugs are called cholinesterase inhibitors. They work by increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the brain, which helps nerve cells communicate with each other and carry out tasks such as memory, thought and judgment.

These drugs are usually taken by mouth as a pill or a liquid. Some people also use skin patches that deliver a cholinesterase inhibitor in a gel form.

Other medications used for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s are donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne) and rivastigmine (Exelon). These drugs increase the amount of acetylcholine that’s available in the brain. They are taken by mouth and can cause some side effects, such as nausea, vomiting or diarrhea.

Memantine (Namenda) is another medication that’s approved for treating people with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s. It is taken by mouth or in a syrup. It reduces the amount of glutamate, a chemical messenger that’s involved in brain functions such as learning and memory.

A new drug called Aduhelm, which is infused intravenously, was recently approved to treat some people with mild Alzheimer’s-related dementia. But it has mixed effectiveness data and is expensive.

Researchers are working to develop more effective treatments for the disease. This will require new ways of diagnosing and monitoring the disease, identifying patients for clinical trials, and recruiting people to participate in these studies.

If you have dementia, ask your doctor if you are eligible for a clinical trial. This is a great way to participate in vital Alzheimer’s research and improve the lives of people living with dementia. The Alzheimer’s Association offers TrialMatch(r), a free clinical studies matching service, to help you find an appropriate study for you or your loved one.

How to prevent alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a serious condition that affects memory and thinking. The disease isn’t a normal part of aging, but you can take steps to help prevent it from developing.

The most common risk factor is getting older, but you can also lower your risk by making lifestyle changes. For example, eat a healthy diet and get regular exercise. Avoid smoking and alcohol use, and keep your cholesterol and blood pressure under control.

Keeping your brain active through lifelong learning can also help. This type of activity is called cognitive stimulation, which can help slow the development of Alzheimer’s.

Genetics may also play a role in your risk of developing Alzheimer’s. Research suggests that certain gene changes increase your risk of the disease.

Another risk factor is having a family history of the condition. If you have a close relative with the disease, your risk is about double that of someone without a family history.

There are other factors that may raise your risk, such as head trauma or mild memory problems. However, these risk factors are not always linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

It is not clear what causes Alzheimer’s, but scientists think it is caused by a combination of changes in the brain and damage to blood vessels that supply the brain.

A new study found that several of the same things that improve heart and blood vessel health can also lower your risk of Alzheimer’s. These include a healthy diet, physical exercise, adequate sleep, and not smoking.

Taking a high-quality multivitamin can also help your brain. For example, the antioxidants in vitamin E can protect the brain from the tangles that develop in Alzheimer’s.

You can take a daily supplement of 15 milligrams of vitamin E from seeds, nuts, leafy green vegetables and whole grains. This vitamin is a good way to increase your levels of the antioxidants that protect your brain from tangles, said Dr. Barnard, a Harvard Medical School researcher.

Increasing your intake of omega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel and sardines may also reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s. In addition, taking a vitamin B12 supplement can also decrease your risk of the disease.

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What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is caused by an abnormal build-up of two proteins – amyloid and tau – in the brain. These deposits form plaques and tangles around nerve cells.

These damage and kill nerve cells. This causes problems with memory, thinking and personality.

That cause alzheimer

Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder that causes memory loss, confusion and changes in personality. The disease can’t be cured, but healthcare providers and caregivers can help slow its progression so that people can live as comfortably as possible.

Alzheimer’s begins when nerve cells in the brain stop functioning and lose connections with each other. Eventually, the damage spreads to other areas of the brain. It’s caused by toxic changes to the brain that are most often seen in regions involved in learning and memory.

It’s believed that these changes occur when clumps of a fragment of a protein called beta-amyloid build up inside neurons and between neurons in certain areas of the brain. These clumps form abnormal deposits called amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which can disrupt the normal communication between brain cells.

The buildup of these proteins is believed to be caused by certain risk factors. These include genetics, family history and health problems such as high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes.

A head injury may also contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s. Research has shown that people who have suffered a major head injury, such as a traumatic brain injury or stroke, are more likely to develop the disease.

Other factors that can increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s include age, gender and family history. For most people, the risk increases with age. Women tend to have a higher rate of the disease than men do.

Those with a faulty version of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene on chromosome 19 are at higher risk of Alzheimer’s. Those with other risk factors, such as Down syndrome and cardiovascular issues, are at even higher risk of developing the disease.

It is thought that a person’s brain cells begin to change years before they show symptoms of Alzheimer’s. These changes lead to the clumping of beta-amyloid and tau protein deposits inside and outside neurons. They also lead to a decrease in the chemical messengers that nerve cells use to communicate with each other. These are known as neurotransmitters, and levels of one of these chemicals, acetylcholine, are particularly low in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s.

Signs of alzheimer’s disease

Memory loss, especially forgetting things that happened recently, is the most common symptom of Alzheimer’s disease. It can be a problem for anyone but it becomes worse with Alzheimer’s.

A person with Alzheimer’s may also have other signs of a brain disorder, such as confusion or mood changes. These symptoms can be difficult for your loved one to deal with and can affect their ability to communicate, so it’s important to speak to your doctor about any changes.

Some of these changes may be a normal part of getting older, but they are usually a sign that your loved one is experiencing dementia. These changes include irritability, depression, aggression, sleep problems and increased agitation.

During the early stages of dementia, the symptoms appear gradually to your loved one and family. They often don’t realise that they’re affected by Alzheimer’s and this is why it’s important to see a doctor to get a diagnosis.

This stage can be very distressing for your loved one and will make day-to-day tasks more difficult, as they struggle to recognise people, remember where things are and find their way around. They will become increasingly reliant on others for help and may start to need round-the-clock care.

The signs of this stage will often include a decline in their mobility, particularly walking and sitting. They may also become more frail and vulnerable to falls or other injuries.

There is no cure for this stage, but treatments can help stabilise and slow the progress of cognitive and behavioral symptoms, and improve quality of life. Medication options include cholinesterase inhibitors, which are used to ease memory loss, confusion and other cognitive difficulties.

Some of these medications can also treat behavior problems, such as agitation and aggression. These drugs can have side effects and are typically only prescribed for short periods, once safer non-drug therapies have been tried first.

In the final stage of dementia, your loved one will not be able to communicate and may become completely dependent on others for care. They will often need to be in bed most of the time and may become unresponsive as their body shuts down.

Treatment for alzheimer’s disease

There’s no cure for Alzheimer’s Disease yet, but some medications are available to help slow the progression of the disease and reduce symptoms. These include cholinesterase inhibitors, which boost the levels of acetylcholine in the brain, a chemical that’s important for memory and thinking.

A new medication approved by the FDA, called aducanumab, reduces amyloid plaques in the brain and can help people with early Alzheimer’s disease – mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia due to Alzheimer’s – maintain some of their daily functions for longer than they could without this treatment. This drug, which is marketed as Aduhelm, is administered via intravenous infusion every four weeks.

Other treatments are based on behavioral and emotional approaches, such as validation therapy, where caregivers try to create an atmosphere of acceptance, compassion and understanding that’s safe for the person with Alzheimer’s. This type of treatment can make a big difference for a person with Alzheimer’s because it addresses non-cognitive symptoms such as anxiety, sleep disturbances, depression and hallucinations that are common in people with Alzheimer’s.

Some people with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s can use a drug known as memantine, which acts as an NMDA antagonist and helps to control some of the more extreme behavioral symptoms of the disease. Memantine can also slow the progression of Alzheimer’s and allow some people to maintain their independence for longer, such as being able to use the toilet.

Another treatment for Alzheimer’s is a drug called lecanemab, which can reduce the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain. This drug is approved for people with early Alzheimer’s disease who have confirmation of elevated beta-amyloid plaques in their brain.

Despite the availability of these medicines, many people with Alzheimer’s still have some difficulty coping with the loss of their mental function and control of their behavior. They benefit from effective care and support throughout the course of their illness, including counseling and local support services.

The main goal of these treatment strategies is to improve the quality of life for people with Alzheimer’s and their caregivers. These therapies may include behavioral and emotional approaches, specialized caregiver training, social support programs and educational seminars.

How to prevent alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a common form of dementia, which means it causes memory loss and other problems with thinking, learning and behavior. It affects people of all ages, but it most often affects adults age 65 and older.

In most cases, Alzheimer’s is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors. In less than 1% of cases, a specific genetic change (called a mutation) almost guarantees that a person will develop Alzheimer’s.

Researchers believe that this mutation disrupts the function of brain proteins. One of these proteins is called beta-amyloid, which clumps into plaques in and around brain cells. This clumping interferes with the signal-sending chemicals (called neurotransmitters) in the brain. The resulting damage to neurons and loss of communication between them may lead to symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

Another protein, tau, also clumps to form tangles within brain cells. The tangles block the flow of information between cells, and they also cause shrinkage of the brain.

These changes aren’t easy to see, but they can be a warning sign of Alzheimer’s disease. They can include irritability, anxiety, depression and restlessness, as well as sleep disturbances.

If you’re concerned that you or a loved one might be developing Alzheimer’s, talk to your doctor about taking a test. This will tell your doctor if you have a genetic variant that increases your risk of getting the disease.

It also lets your doctor know if you have other health conditions that may be putting you at risk for Alzheimer’s, such as high blood pressure or diabetes. Your doctor can help you manage these conditions and reduce your risk.

Diet and exercise are also important. A heart-healthy diet that limits saturated fats, added sugars, and sodium can lower your risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

Avoid smoking, as it raises your risk of developing the disease. And, if you have high cholesterol or high blood pressure, get them checked.

A good diet and regular exercise can help you live a healthy, active life for many years. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean protein and low-fat dairy products can help you reduce your risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

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